Video-call apps don't own the camera or mic directly; they ask the operating system, which checks permissions and which app currently holds the device. If another app grabbed the camera first, the call app gets nothing.
Permissions drift. An update can quietly reset a camera or mic permission to off, so a setup that worked last week suddenly shows a black screen.
Default devices matter too. If the system defaults to a virtual or disconnected mic, the call app sends silence even though a real mic is present.